How Pain Starts: The Full Cascade
The question
Why does a long day of sitting with one hip hiked leave a deep, “caught” ache just above the right hip — as if bone, fat, muscle and nerve are all caught and stressed — when nothing has visibly torn?
The short answer
Pain is not a damage meter. Free nerve endings transduce mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli into electrical signals, and the spinal cord and brain decide whether those signals become pain. Deconditioning and a sustained posture narrow the margin between ordinary load and tissue tolerance, and a sensitised nerve can fire at stretches it would normally ignore — which is why the ache can feel deep and “caught” without a single tear. ---
Sources
- Numbering follows `STORY-BRIEF.md` §8 so that the small on-screen footnote numbers match. In this single-scene cut, the on-screen notes point to **[1, 2]** (nociception and pain) and **[13–17]** (nerve mechanosensitivity, glide and blood flow). Sources marked *(not shown on screen)* support the wider brief and the scope notes in `FACT-CHECK.md`.
- Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. “The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises.” *Pain.* 2020;161(9):1976–1982. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939
- Basbaum AI, Bautista DM, Scherrer G, Julius D. “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain.” *Cell.* 2009;139(2):267–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.028
- Woolf CJ. “Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain.” *Pain.* 2011;152(3 Suppl):S2–S15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030 *(not shown on screen)*
- Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. “Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity.” *J Pain.* 2009;10(9):895–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.012 *(not shown on screen)*
- Walters ET, Williams ACC. “Evolution of mechanisms and behaviour important for pain.” *Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.* 2019;374(1785):20190275. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0275 *(not shown on screen)*
- Urban JPG, Smith S, Fairbank JCT. “Nutrition of the intervertebral disc.” *Spine.* 2004;29(23):2700–2709. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000146499.97948.52 *(not shown on screen)*
- Adams MA, Dolan P, Hutton WC. “Diurnal variations in the stresses on the lumbar spine.” *Spine.* 1987;12(2):130–137. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198703000-00008
- Twomey L, Taylor J. “Flexion creep deformation and hysteresis in the lumbar vertebral column.” *Spine.* 1982;7(2):116–122. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198203000-00005
- Edgar MA. “The nerve supply of the lumbar intervertebral disc.” *J Bone Joint Surg Br.* 2007;89(9):1135–1139. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.89B9.18939 *(not shown on screen)*
- Freemont AJ, Peacock TE, Goupille P, Hoyland JA, O’Brien J, Jayson MIV. “Nerve ingrowth into diseased intervertebral disc in chronic back pain.” *Lancet.* 1997;350(9072):178–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)02135-1 *(not shown on screen)*
- Bogduk N, Tynan W, Wilson AS. “The nerve supply to the human lumbar intervertebral discs.” *J Anat.* 1981;132(Pt 1):39–56. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7275791/ *(not shown on screen)*
- Bogduk N. “The innervation of the lumbar spine.” *Spine.* 1983;8(3):286–293. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198304000-00009
- Wall EJ, Massie JB, Kwan MK, Rydevik BL, Myers RR, Garfin SR. “Experimental stretch neuropathy. Changes in nerve conduction under tension.” *J Bone Joint Surg Br.* 1992;74(1):126–129. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.74B1.1732240
- Ogata K, Naito M. “Blood flow of peripheral nerve effects of dissection, stretching and compression.” *J Hand Surg Br.* 1986;11(1):10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-7681(86)90003-3
- Clark WL, Trumble TE, Swiontkowski MF, Tencer AF. “Nerve tension and blood flow in a rat model of immediate and delayed repairs.” *J Hand Surg Am.* 1992;17(4):677–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/0363-5023(92)90316-H
- Lundborg G, Rydevik B. “Effects of stretching the tibial nerve of the rabbit. A preliminary study of the intraneural circulation and the barrier function of the perineurium.” *J Bone Joint Surg Br.* 1973;55(2):390–401. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4707307/
- Dilley A, Lynn B, Greening J, DeLeon N. “Quantitative in vivo studies of median nerve sliding in response to wrist, elbow, shoulder and neck movements.” *Clin Biomech (Bristol).* 2003;18(10):899–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0268-0033(03)00176-1
- Coppieters MW, Alshami AM, Babri AS, Souvlis T, Kippers V, Hodges PW. “Strain and excursion of the sciatic, tibial, and plantar nerves during a modified straight leg raising test.” *J Orthop Res.* 2006;24(9):1883–1889. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20210
- Coppieters MW, Hough AD, Dilley A. “Different nerve-gliding exercises induce different magnitudes of median nerve longitudinal excursion: an in vivo study using dynamic ultrasound imaging.” *J Orthop Sports Phys Ther.* 2009;39(3):164–171. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2913 *(not shown on screen)*
- Topp KS, Boyd BS. “Structure and biomechanics of peripheral nerves: nerve responses to physical stresses and implications for physical therapist practice.” *Phys Ther.* 2006;86(1):92–109. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/86.1.92
- Bove GM, Light AR. “The nervi nervorum: missing link for neuropathic pain?” *Pain Forum.* 1997;6(3):181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1082-3174(97)70011-4
- Hanani M. “Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia: from form to function.” *Brain Res Rev.* 2005;48(3):457–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.001 *(not shown on screen)*
- Herrero JF, Laird JMA, López-García JA. “Wind-up of spinal cord neurones and pain sensation: much ado about something?” *Prog Neurobiol.* 2000;61(2):169–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(99)00051-9 *(not shown on screen)*
- Millan MJ. “Descending control of pain.” *Prog Neurobiol.* 2002;66(6):355–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00009-6 *(not shown on screen)*
- Fortin JD, Aprill CN, Ponthieux B, Pier J. “Sacroiliac joint: pain referral maps upon applying a new injection/arthrography technique. Part II: Clinical evaluation.” *Spine.* 1994;19(13):1483–1489. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199407000-00011 *(not shown on screen)*
- Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Pauza K, McLarty J, Bogduk N. “The value of medical history and physical examination in diagnosing sacroiliac joint pain.” *Spine.* 1996;21(22):2594–2602. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199611150-00009 *(not shown on screen)*
- Carragee EJ, Tanner CM, Yang B, Brito JL, Truong T. “False-positive findings on lumbar discography. Reliability of subjective concordance assessment during provocative disc injection.” *Spine.* 1999;24(23):2542–2547. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199912010-00017 *(not shown on screen)*
- Maigne JY, Doursounian L. “Entrapment neuropathy of the medial superior cluneal nerve. Nineteen cases surgically treated, with a minimum of 2 years’ follow-up.” *Spine.* 1997;22(10):1156–1159. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199705150-00017 *(not shown on screen)*
- Hopayian K, Song F, Riera R, Sambandan S. “The clinical features of the piriformis syndrome: a systematic review.” *Eur Spine J.* 2010;19(12):2095–2109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1504-9 *(not shown on screen)*
Illustrations are AI-generated and schematic; real photographs are credited under Image credits. Check the sources before relying on a fact. Shortcuts: space play, j / l back and forward 10 s, < > speed (up to 3x), c captions, f full screen, t theatre, m mute.